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was decisive in the national security of the imperial power.

Punta Arenas 12 March 2011 Lord

EDITOR MEDIA AND PUBLIC DISSEMINATION

HEREIN.

We extend to his respectable half

----- WHEN WAS THE BLACK GOLD DETERMINANT NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE IMPERIAL POWER.

LIBYA. By Hector Vega

World War II in many respects was an oil war. Lacking sufficient supplies in its imperialist expansion, Germany turned to oil sources in the Caucasus and Japan invaded Indonesia. When the nationalization of Iranian oil industry [1951], the British government organized a general and in 1953 the CIA carried out a coup against Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh.

In 1956, when Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, controlled a key passage in the transport of oil the West, France, Britain and Israel invaded the Sinai and the Gaza Strip. In the early '70s in their fight for control of oil and after the convertibility of the dollar and the successive devaluations of 1971 and 1973, OPEC countries as a result of the war [October 1973 Yom Kippur ] declared an oil embargo which raised oil prices by more than 250%.
After Angola's independence in 1975, the CIA together with separatist movements and the multinational Chevron-Texaco oil plotted to take over the enclave of Cabinda, which currently represents almost 80% of Angola's oil revenues, in addition to resources of manganese, gold and diamonds.

During the Vietnam War was the Mobil off-shore exploration [that territory then known as South Viet-Nam], concession renewed three decades later, height of irony, without positive results, "in Blue Dragon 280 km., Mekong Delta. Indonesia occupying power in East Timor demanded interest on significant hydrocarbon reserves in conjunction with Australia. Recurring conflict in the Spratley Islands, whose oil reserves were claimed by China and Vietnam.

The aftermath of the oil wars have left a trail of victims. Suffice it to cite the statistics of the war Gulf in 1991 with 1.5 million direct deaths in the clashes, in addition to civilians affected by the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq. War in Iraq [March 2003] recorded a balance of 655,000 Iraqis dead, 4.7 million refugees and 5 million Iraqi children orphaned. Experience today resumed operations in the Maghreb and Libya with unpredictable repercussions in the political developments in the region. Nothing has been excluded in these preparations, even the hackneyed invocation of the existence of weapons of mass destruction that Gaddafi would be ready to use against his people [See statements of former Arab League Ambassador Clovis Maksoud and former British Prime Minister John Major]. Note that the General Staff of the Russian Federation made known to the international press that "satellite images taken from space suggest that the alleged air attack that took place on 22 February on Benghazi and Tripoli, were a device used as a pretext for military intervention "humanitarian". "

Obama's remarks, Cameron, Sarkozy, Zapatero and others, prepared a scenario of intervention and coup in Libya, calling for a no-fly zone, suggesting several possible military options generated from NATO. Since March 2, the U.S. Senate voted unanimously the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya. To which is added to the forty-called neoconservatives in a letter to President Obama to develop an immediate military action to overthrow Gaddafi.

International media cited the opinion of General Mattis, head of U.S. Central Command that before the Committee Senate Armed Services rated the no-fly zone as a military operation. As would also be necessary to bomb air defenses [surface to air missiles] of Libya by air strikes from U.S. bases in southern Italy.

In particular, a powerful military force ready to intervene in a possible invasion is situated off the coast of Libya. This is a naval force from 6 countries-Germany, England, USA, Canada, France and Italy, composed of 8 ships of war and 2 carriers [including the nuclear aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise], a fleet of Cobra helicopters and military aircraft.

Libya: an unsuccessful bid

industrial powers understood that national security was linked to authoritarian regimes that guaranteed the stability and status quo. Western democracy was said by the silent change, worse, confused modernity access to [health, education, housing ...] offered the Arab autocrats privileged segment of the population, with the possibility of participation of the vast majority of the population.

From the outside, Europe, South America, North America, Asia, motley group of self-proclaimed governments for change, mistook their own ideas of democracy with which the Arab people resented in their experience of exclusion, hunger and misery.

Few bothered to understand what was happening in Libya. Political reality based on tribal land away from the traditional Western idea of \u200b\u200bnation-state [the time of the Treaty of Utrecht in Europe, 1713] political practice based on tribal ties from the which is generated political organization. Historically

Libya was part of the Roman and Byzantine empires before falling under the hegemony of Arab power and civilization. After the Second World War and while under a British protectorate in fact, the UN handed over power to the sheikh of the tribe and Emir Sanusi of Cyrenaica: Sidi Idris, who proclaimed the reigning monarchy in the name of Idris I. Qaddafi ousted King in 1969 under the inspiration of the pan-Arab and socialist revolution of Gamal Abdel Nasser. It is precisely the Sanusi tribe that started the revolt in Benghazi [province of Cyrenaica] under the flag of the monarchy. Moreover, is Mohammed Al Sanusi, nephew Idris, a self-exiled Prince of Libya, who claims to support "the heroes of the popular uprising" against the Qaddafi regime whom he calls "murderer of his people."

Libya today lives a tribal fight, where an intervention of Western powers will be welded to the price of its sovereignty as has been aligned with a tribe, an emirate, the Benghazi, which means to rule the rest of the territory under its aegis. There will arise a new deal for the extraction of "black gold" suitable for local corporations and a privileged and wealthy elite.

dominant Western powers never saw what was brewing in the Middle East, namely a broad social front, driven by the communications revolution, isolated in his imaginary of participation than the autocrats were willing to concede. When weaving transnational agreements with foreign governments and ruling political class has lost legitimacy because people understood that such arrangements were at the origin of its fundamental weaknesses.

Former colonial powers have believed reissuing old practices and commitments. A bizarre situation recently experienced Cameron's Conservative government when he dispatched an envoy of the Foreign Office to find out "what could be useful "to the interim government of Benghazi. The mission ended in a fiasco because it was not even welcomed by the Libyan National Transition Council, to be reshipped with SAS special forces who accompanied her, after confiscation of their firearms. Failure that the British foreign minister should explain to the House of Commons.

Five new political realities in the Middle East

Five core political realities beyond the agreements signed with the privileged classes and the imperialist powers which the latter attempted to perpetuate himself in power. Understood very later than for the people who went to state elections were no longer sufficient because of what it was today, was to exercise power. Since the beginning of every revolution, and a road of no return, called the maximum, without compromise. It demanded nothing less than full power. Time will tell how to take this political exercise proclaimed from the streets of the city. In any case we can be sure will never be the same in the past.

statements to the media and messages in cyberspace the second new reality show namely awareness of complicity with transnational corporations, foreign governments and local politicians. Today is the voice that circulates in the Middle East nations and the Maghreb and even in closed regimes such as Saudi Arabia's absolute royalty. The claim is not only the removal but there are already cases of corrupt politicians brought to court to answer for illicit enrichment and arbitrariness to the population.

A third point is the reality of communication networks is no longer the exclusive management of radio stations and television officials. Today the public has taken possession of time and space: control communication.

Derived from this is still a fourth point. When the local media stopped being extended to countries and continents. The street called the universe expanded time real, it is transferred back to proposals and calls to action. He felt the call to solidarity and incentives to action. Time will tell how many of these calls were due to urgent situations. In short, communications, social impact, they replaced the power of weapons.
Finally, a fifth item related to social development and the environment. The environment became part of social reality and consciousness of the people directly related to large infrastructure works and social development. Suffice it to quote the great artificial river through a pipeline network of over 4,500 kilometers of groundwater supplies to Libya. Water Resources estimated that the country would provide water for four years in 1800 [See Tajeldine Laila. "Libya, intervention, division or unit." Aporrea.org. Venezuela, 24/02/2011]. Commenting on these resources Fidel Castro wrote "Under this desert was a vast and deep water sea fossils. I felt when I met an experimental area of \u200b\u200bcrops, those waters in the future, would be more valuable than oil "[See" The War of NATO inevitable. " Part II. 02/03/1911. Www.fortinmapocho.com ]

How the changed political practice the battlefield

What happens in war is not independent of what happens in politics. Neither Kadafi, nor the opposition National Council of Transition Libyan have the ability to decide the situation on the battlefield. The opposing forces in a country of over 1 million km2 700 000 530 000 6 million inhabitants, ie 3.1 inhabitants per square kilometer, village especially in the coastal oil and gas facilities within never surpassed in the beginning Brega fighting in the past thousand armed fighters, and add that these were not decisive support in weapons and personnel. Over the day the fighting forces and pressure increased government which endangered not only the oil and gas supply in Benghazi, but also the control of Ras Lanuf [west of Brega, now in flames after being hit storage of crude oil terminal Es Sider ]. Between 5 and 7 March, the government consolidated its position in Ras Lanuf and increased pressure on Brega. Declarations of war correspondents spoke of a decline in the enthusiasm of Brega defenders who were attacked by much higher means which count. Moreover, the army reportedly launched an offensive in Az Zawiyah, a little less than 40 miles west of Tripoli that would already be in possession of forces government.

no space force projection to ground or vice-versa, the opposition understands its limitations and the inability to short-term and current means of achieving a final consolidation in the field. Thus, refusing to foreign forces in the territory, the Libyan National Transitional Council has urged the countries of NATO's statement-fly zone to prevent any attacks by the Air Force Kadafi. With this demand, Benghazi not see or will not see the implications of military intervention in the conflict that has military exclusion zone. In fact, it is a complex operation involving naval forces, aircraft, AWACS planes, all of this if it has the mandate of the Security Council and the effective support of the countries of the NATO pact. Agreement so far denied China and Russia.

In the past U.S. interventions in Korea, Viet-Nam, the air space Kosobo, Iraq twice, Afghanistan, have meant facing the public a significant cost to governments of the Empire. Are the constraints that Obama, a weak president, captive, like all American presidents of transnational arms control and high finance, is not willing to take a year into the campaign the mercy of a defeat their struggle for a new term [01/20/2010 to 01/20/2012].

Ultimately, neither the Council nor Gaddafi Libyan National Transitional Benghazi, Western governments can not rely entirely control the political game surrounding the combat operations.

Western governments, European and American public understand that their views are not willing to embark on warlike adventures, so the war games and operational planning staffs favor options to the city, people and computer networks, combat elements are unpredictable and unmanageable from a potential hub.

The degree of freedom in these conjectures is given by an external force, assuming low demand in Benghazi, an option until the same has been rejected. Reduced

civil war to operations of internal forces, it is clear that the center of gravity of the two forces in operation [within the meaning of Clausewitz] moves into the realm of political support from the population. Lost balance in this area, the operational constraints in terms of weapons, vehicles, communications hardware, supplies .... And loyalties, imply that the returns policy on track and little or nothing left for foreign military intervention.

In the field of international calls Kadafi has requested the site visit [ fact finding mission ] delegations from the United Nations and Arab League. In his recent remarks have included acceptance of a mission in France without limitation information in their field visits.

and political realities are

weapons

In conclusion, the political reality is imposed on the logic of the battlefield. This plays to all: the forces of Qaddafi, the Libyan National Council of Transition and the Western powers in calling for his ouster. Add that if it were only heading to Kadafi the solution to be considered as easy and almost banal.

Various policy options open in the solution of the conflict. All within a negotiation process between parties. One could be in the field presence of the Arab League as the only bargaining power or in conjunction with a UN delegation. Another, complementary, diplomacy exercised by President Chávez supported by Cuba and Nicaragua.

None of these proposals facade urgency or revocation of a political edifice built by an agreement between tribes that no longer exists, can forget the words of the source of power Kadafi, namely, negotiation between tribes. Latter fundamental element and the base of the problem. Limited to discuss emergency [Or the first, is that the cease-fire, evacuation of refugees and humanitarian aid] is placed on this side of the realities that people have demonstrated in the streets. I'm not saying the first thing is not the first, just say that we must take into account the central political element and that is the source of power Kadafi, namely the founding agreement between tribes.

In Libya recognizes the existence of 140 tribes of which only 30 dominate the political landscape [statistics produced by A. Faraj Najm, historian Libyan] which concentrate their influence in the urban centers of Tripoli and Benghazi. According

Hanspeter Mattes, the German Institute of Global Studies, expert on Libya, "the coming to power of Muammar Gaddafi in 1969 became an alliance of Qaddafi's own tribe [the Qadhadhifa] with Maqarha Warfalla and that obtained key positions in the security field, ie armed forces, police and intelligence services. This ensured their control. "

Basically, and to understand the political processes underway in Libya, Gaddafi develops the concept of tribe. Which is presented as a "social school in which all grow by absorbing the high ideals that end up setting the standard of living behavior. The tribe is an "umbrella" natural social security itself. " For Kadafi the security granted by the tribe is "collective protection in the form of adjustment, revenge and defense." This is based on the bond of blood which is the sublime form of the assignment. Blood and attachment are the core of the tribe which is ultimately the "physical and unique social unit" that ties of blood is in short the "original unity" [See Green Paper].

can not deny the existence of other ideas about the problem. One, discussed by Professor Moncef Uanna Tunis University, author of Military elites and modernization of Libya contemporary [2009] thinks that "it is quite possible that his own tribe [gadafa] force him to relinquish power, because the longer the war lasts, the worse they suffer reprisals. " In his opinion, and the appointment of Gaddafi's Green Book itself is reinforced, "the tribal revenge is still the rule." "Therefore," adding that it "could push him into exile in Venezuela, which is still an option, [or other] directly settled." Others see a split Libya and Somalia hazy destination. [1]

But not in vain rebel movements have emerged in societies of the Middle East and there are ongoing civil war. Thus the five political realities of the Middle East aforementioned play an important role. Realities that necessarily affect negotiators.

The first challenge is that the path of negotiation goes beyond the traditional ways of diplomacy. For what is at stake are secular institutions of society and the passage to wrenching changes in tradition. And that does not manage even on a settlement between parties, foreign leaders.

In fact the leaders, that for decades the negotiators have understood any, notice to State level, have changed. No longer exist. This is most noticeable in the case of Latin American leaders at some point were related to Arab world. Also a major fact: social actors are different.

How to understand the exercise of power claimed in the street but in the context of new social actors to claim their place since the occupation, profession, university, or circumstantial traditional jobs, in order from the consciousness of the farm where mix nationalism with the predominance of social control on new forms of government?

Moreover, in these days in the Arab world have seen the presence of women on the streets. Women in traditional dress, niqab or burqa traditional megaphones to the crowd seeking information. That does not come from yesterday or the day before yesterday. It is simply a social reality that has always existed in Islamic societies profoundly unknown to the Western world.

bargaining behind the street, to cliques reserved, no longer possible under the reality of new forms of communication and social dynamics, encouraged by these new social actors.

was born a new form of legitimacy to fight to impose the reality of the tribe in a still traditional society. Thus, neither the Western powers, nor any negotiators have the same effect, prior to today's social movements born in the Middle East. In a sense the new Libya and why not say, the new societies of the Middle East result from the legitimacy of the practice of arms which the people confronted the police and repression of the praetorian guards, but very fundamentally new political convictions are welded to arms and add in the case of Libya, under the sign of the negotiation of the tribes.

* Director of Fort Mapocho.com

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